Download PDF Borish's Clinical Refraction (Benjamin, Borish's Clinical Refraction)
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Borish's Clinical Refraction (Benjamin, Borish's Clinical Refraction)
Download PDF Borish's Clinical Refraction (Benjamin, Borish's Clinical Refraction)
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Review
BOOK REVIEWWilliam J. Benjamin, Editor, Irvin M. Borish, Consultant;Borish’s Clinical Refraction, second editionButterworth-Heinemann -Elsevier, 2006; hardbound, 1694pp, US$195, ISBN-13:978–0–7506–7524–6Barry MastersReceived: 1 April 2008 / Accepted: 2 April 2008# Springer-Verlag 2008Visual acuity is taken for granted until it changes, and thenit adversely affects our ability to function. It is a supremetribute to the clinical skills and the plethora of optoelectronicinstruments that are available to optometrists andophthalmologists that they can determine the alteredrefraction that is required to restore normal visual acuity.Before the era of photorefractive surgery, before the era ofcontact lenses, there were glasses (that is, two pieces ofglass that are polished in such a manner to achieve therequired alteration in the light paths by the process ofrefraction), and they are mounted in a frame to be worn onthe bridge of the nose and the ears and thus remainstationary with respect to the visual axes of the eyes. Witheyeglasses, as compared to hand-held single lens magnifiersthat were used for reading, the hands are free and theglasses remain stationary with respect to movements of thehead and the body. In the history of inventions, eyeglassesprovide an example of a simple idea that when properlyimplemented provides individuals with a great improvementin their quality of life. What is the origin of highquality spectacles?In a thoroughly researched and beautifully illustratednew book, Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes(Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society,2007) Vincent Ilardi provides new evidence that 15thcentury Florence was the center for the production of highquality spectacles. While Venice during the same periodalso produced eyeglasses, the emphasis was on items suchas mirrors, vessels and similar objects that resulted inhigher profits. The glass industry in Florence existed fromthe early 13th century, and by the time of the middle of the17th century it was producing high-quality glass that evenVenice could not surpass.We now jump from 15th century Florence to the presentand introduce Borish’s Clinical Refraction, Second Edition.For this edition, William J. Benjamin served as the editor,Irvin M. Borish served as consultant, and 58 clinicianscientistscontributed chapters. Both the editors and thecontributors deserve acclaim for their scholarly and clearlywritten and superbly illustrated chapters that comprise thisone-volume tome on the principles and the clinical practiceof refraction and associated subjects such as color vision,contrast sensitivity, ocular motility, and visual fields. Theextensive scope of this volume is indicated by additionalchapters on infants, toddlers, and children; patients withamblyopia and strabismus; patients with anisometropia andaniseikonia; patients with high refractive error; patientswith keratoconus and irregular astigmatism; the elderly;patients with low vision; and a final chapter on therefractive effects of ocular disease.Borish’s Clinical Refraction provides the reader with twovarieties of information.First, the clear explanation of the science related to therelevant topic; the anatomy, the physiology, the biochemistry,the neural pathways, the pharmacology, the optics, thematerials and their optical and mechanical properties thatcomprise the lenses of glasses and contact lenses. Second,the art of the appropriate clinical practice that involves thephysical examination of the eyes, clinical measurement ofthe optical properties of the visual system, measurements ofthe shape of the cornea, the aberrations of the visualsystem, and the logical approach to select and fit theappropriate glasses or contact lenses, or the procedures ofvarious types of photorefractive surgery. The successfulclinician needs to know both the basic science as well asthe details of the procedures that are required for thediagnosis and management of refractive eye conditions, andthe reference book provides the principles and the clinicalprocedures for the diagnosis and the management ofrefractive eye conditions. As expected, the bulk of thevolume is devoted to a detailed, critical and comprehensivetreatment of the following topics: the examination of thevisual system, the various techniques to measure refraction,and the analysis and prescription of optical corrections.The strengths of Borish’s Clinical Refraction include thefollowing: (1) a single volume book that is up-to-date,clearly written, well illustrated, and comprehensive, (2) thehigh quality black and white illustrations and the colorillustrations and clinical photographs which provide graphicalunderstanding to the text, (3) the well-designed andeasily read and understandable tables which summarize,compare and contrast various parameters and procedures,(4) the full color clinical images which illustrate thepathology, clinical techniques, diagnostic readouts, diagnosticinstruments, and the optical principles, (5) thereferences which provide additional resources, and (6) adetailed index..I now point out the utility for clinical practice and thedetailed exposition of the basic principles that are found ineach chapter of Borish’s Clinical Refraction. I will proceedby pointing out the significant features of two chapters, inorder to illustrate the basis of my evaluation of this book.Again, these examples serve as exemplars of the remainingchapters in the book.I begin with the chapter on corneal topography. Theshape of the anterior corneal surface is important for boththe diagnosis and the management of many ocularconditions. Because about two-thirds of the refractivepower of the eye is located at the air/tear film interfacethat is adjacent to the anterior surface of the cornea, it isimportant to be able to determine the shape of the cornea. Ifthe cornea was a portion of a sphere, the task would besimplified; of course, the human cornea is not spherical,and that is only the beginning of the array of difficultproblems that must be solved to design and calibrate aninstrument that is capable of measuring the shape of thecornea. It is of note that both Helmholtz and Gullstrandindependently worked on the problem of designing aninstrument to measure the shape of the cornea. In moderntimes, the personal computer was used to calculate theshape of the cornea from a target of concentric rings(Placido disk); the results depend on the assumptions andthe limitations of the mathematical models and the detailsof the calculation algorithm. The important points of thischapter are the discussion of the accuracy and theassumptions that are implicit in the calculation of cornealshape. To emphasize these factors the authors have placedthem in a summary box: assumptions and limitationsinherent in standard keratometry. For example, in thesection on keratometer principles we learn that thekeratometer measures the radius of curvature of a smallregion of the central cornea. The value of this chapter is acritical discussion of the assumptions and the limitations foreach type of instrument that is used to measure cornealshape. I stress this point, because so much of thecommercial marketing literature either ignores or providesminimal discussion and evidence from peer-reviewedpublications that provide experimental data in support ofthe accuracy and the precision of a particular instrument.More modern instruments use proprietary reconstructionalgorithms to model the corneal surface. The Kleinalgorithm is presented as one solution to the problems thatare inherent in the older two-dimensional algorithms thatwere used in reconstruction of the corneal shape.The highlights of the chapter on corneal topographyare the critical and detailed discussions of the comparisonof the various corneal-surface descriptors, the comparisonof the various videokeratoscopic instruments, the role ofalignment, focus and reference planes, the discussion ofcolor maps and their interpretation, as well as the criticaland important subject of the analysis of accuracy andrepeatability. Corneal topographical mapping is an importantmeasurement system, and the data is presented invarious color-coded forms: surface elevation maps,dioptric corneal maps, axial curvature maps, instantaneouscurvature maps and ray-tracing refractive powermaps. The authors present a critical evaluation of thevarious approaches for the display of topographical maps.Wavefront refraction is the subject of another chapterthat illustrates the exemplary features of Borish’s ClinicalRefraction. Today it is possible to measure optical aberrationsover the entire pupil that are smaller than thewavelength of the incident light. The primary purpose ofwavefront aberrometers is to accurately measure theaberrations of the eye. This is particularly important formitigating the unwanted effects of spherical aberrations andcoma that occur with refractive surgery. The goal ofdeveloping wavefront refraction is to improve the precisionand the accuracy of both autorefractors and subjectiverefraction for visible light. The wavefront distortion ismeasured by the root-mean-squared wavefront error, and aneye is considered to be emmetropic if the total distortionover the pupil is minimal. The most common form ofwavefront sensor is the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor.This wavefront sensor measures the slope or the spatialderivative of the wavefront; the integration of the wavefrontslope yields the shape of the aberrated wavefront. Theauthors provide excellent discussions of methods tointerpret the wavefront aberration function, how to classifythe aberrations in terms of Zernike polynomials, and acomprehensive analysis of various metrics to access theoptical quality of the eye. Finally, they describe thechallenge of using wavefront measurement to prescribethe most appropriate vision aids.In summary, Borish’s Clinical Refraction is a modern,comprehensive, didactic approach to the principles and theclinical practice of refraction. While the text emphasizes theexamination of the eye and the visual system, the methodsof refraction, and the prescription of various types ofspectacles and contact lens, there is also a detailed analysisand discussion of the field of refractive surgery andprosthetic devices. The book is a useful textbook on theprinciples and the practice of refraction; the measurementand analysis of refractive errors and the detailed steps totreat, manage, and prescribe spectacles or contact lensesthat serve to ameliorate the refractive errors and thusimprove the quality of the patient’s lives. The second editionhas many new features; for example, an expanded chapteron patients with keratoconus and irregular astigmatism. Animportant section is devoted to the special ocular conditionsthat are of importance to the clinician. In conclusion, Ihighly recommend this very practical book for its honest,critical, comprehensive, and scholarly approach.BOOK REVIEW-2Borish’s ClinicalRefraction, 2nd EditionWilliam J BenjaminSt Louis: Butterworth HeinemannElsevier, 20061,694 pages, RPR $315.00Reviewed by ALEXANDRA JAWORSKI,Department of Optometry and VisionSciences, The University of MelbourneE-mail: aaja@unimelb.edu.auI am compelled to agree with the editorthat, like many books, this second editionis better than the first. Beginning with thebasics, this book is smaller and hascoloured pictures. More seriously, theextensive array of diagrams better illustratesclinical procedures, underlyingprinciples and clinical findings and generallymakes the text more inviting. Despitethe reduced thickness, the new editioncovers previously addressed topics pertainingto refractive error more comprehensivelyand in light of recent advances inresearch and clinical optometry.You receive ‘a set of steak knives’ withthis edition. Despite the title, more thanrefraction is addressed. The book is organisedinto five sections: principles, adjunctexaminations, the refraction, analysis andprescription of optical corrections, andspecial conditions. Research and clinicaloptometrists will recognise many of the 45authors who provide the breadth of knowledgeacross the 37 chapters.Factors associated with refractive error,relationships between ocular components,refractive changes in children and adulthood,progression of ametropias and controlstrategies are well reviewed. These lasttwo discussions provide a sizeable sourceof information to benefit patient managementand serve as a good foundationfor patient advice regarding progressionof ametropia. However, like most books,recent research findings are occasionallyabsent.Methods of objective and subjective refractionat distance and near, includingcorneal topography, are particularly welldiscussed. The inclusion of wavefront refractionis in keeping with advances inaberrometry that are aimed at improvingvision beyond the dioptre when correctingametropia and which perhaps will beincorporated in more routine clinical examinationsin the not too distant future.Various forms of refractive correctionare reviewed, including the optical andclinical considerations of single visionlenses, multifocal lenses, contact lenses(including silicon hydrogels, options forpresbyopes and RGPs) and surgical strategies.Although corrective techniques andapproaches are constantly changing, Ifound the review of surgical proceduresinformative. General procedures, side effects,complications, contraindications andclinical features of marginal and good candidatesare covered; topics that are importantwhen a patient presents with aninterest in refractive surgery or we thinkwe have identified a suitable candidate.Chapters in the ‘adjunction examinations’section cover additional clinicalprocedures to evaluate a patient’s visualfunction, including visual field assessment,contrast sensitivity, colour visionand electrophysiology, in light of recentadvances. Ocular examination techniquesof the anterior and posterior segmentsare detailed and compare well with booksthat focus solely on general optometricprocedures. These sections are particularlyuseful for third year to final year optometrystudents and clinical instructors.Clear instructions on basic physical examinationtechniques are provided to identifysystemic signs of conditions that haveocular manifestations, and aid our diagnosticpower. Regardless of whether systemicevaluation is actively performed,the text and illustrations represent remindersof physical signs we may noticecoincidently during the course of anocular examination.The final section addressing specialconditions is a great concluding addition.It reiterates and integrates importantissues and clinical techniques discussed inprevious chapters, which are appropriatefor examining particular patient populations,such as the elderly, children andpatients with high refractive errors, lowvision and keratoconus. The final chapteron the refractive effects of ocular diseaseprovides a nice summary, encompassingboth ocular and systemic conditions, toaid diagnosis and management of yourpatient, in light of their refractive error.The editor advises that this book wasspecifically written for the qualified eyecarepractitioner and advanced student.This pitch is achieved and as no otherbook covers the breadth and depth foundhere, this edition qualifies as a valuablereference in our bookshelves. Studentsjust commencing their optometric trainingwould find this book to be a worthwhileinvestment and a valuable resourcefor their subsequent student and workingyears. The theoretical basis of manyclinical procedures is provided, in additionto clear instructions on technique,expected findings and factors that impacton these tests. The theoretical basis servesstudents and practitioners well, enablingboth to appreciate the rationale and applicationof alternative clinical tests andmanagement.
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About the Author
William J. Benjamin, OD, MS, PhD, Professor of Optometry and Physiological Optics, Director of Clinical Research and Senior Scientist, Vision Science Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Optometry, Birmingham, AL
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Product details
Series: Benjamin, Borish's Clinical Refraction
Hardcover: 1712 pages
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2 edition (October 27, 2006)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0750675241
ISBN-13: 978-0750675246
Product Dimensions:
8.8 x 2.2 x 11 inches
Shipping Weight: 7.8 pounds
Average Customer Review:
4.0 out of 5 stars
2 customer reviews
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#927,281 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
It's a very good book .. like it ðŸ‘ðŸ¼
Great straightforward text. What would make it better was if each chapter had its own table of contents of sorts as many of the chapters are quite long and can be tedious finding a specific topic in a chapter
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